1. Plato, ; Book X
2. Aristotle, Book II, chs. 4–6; Book VI, chs. 2–3
3. Lucretius, , Books I–II (the swerve)
4. Marcus Aurelius, , Books IV, IX
5. Augustine, Book V; Book VII
6. Aquinas, I, QQ. 22, 103, 115–116
7. Machiavelli, , ch. XXV (on fortune)
8. Spinoza, , Part I, Props. 28–33; Appendix
9. Hume, , Sects. VI, VIII
10. Tolstoy, , Books IX–XIII; Epilogue II
11. William James, The Dilemma of Determinism; Principles of Psychology