Animal

The animal is an ensouled body possessing sensation, appetite, and the power of locomotion.

No species is eternal; all arose by natural processes, and those unfit for survival perished.

Anatomy reveals design: every part of the animal body is formed for a purpose, and comparative dissection proves it.

Animals possess sensitive souls but lack reason and free will; they act by instinct, not deliberation.

Animals may be wiser than we suppose, and human claims to rational superiority may be vanity disguised as philosophy.

Animals are machines: complex automata without thought or feeling, moved entirely by the arrangement of their parts.

Animals perceive and retain ideas but cannot abstract; the power of abstraction marks the true boundary between beast and human.

Animals reason by custom and habit exactly as humans do; the difference between beast and man is one of degree, not of kind.

Species are not fixed types but populations varying through natural selection; all life shares common descent.