1. Aristotle, , Book III, Chapters 1-5; , Book III, Chapters 9-10
2. Augustine, , Book VIII; , Books V, XIV
3. Aquinas, , I, Q. 82-83; I-II, Q. 6-17
4. Hobbes, , Part I, Chapters 6, 21
5. Descartes, , Meditation IV
6. Spinoza, , Parts III-IV
7. Locke, , Book II, Chapter XXI
8. Hume, , Book II, Part III
9. Kant, ;