Renaissance/Early Modern
William Shakespeare
1564–1616
“I am a man more sinn'd against than sinning.”
William Shakespeare was an English playwright, actor, and sharer in the London company that staged his works at the Globe and at court. The great tragedies, among them , , , and , show what a passion does when it masters a life. Jealousy, ambition, rage, and delayed grief become the substance of the action. He writes cases in dramatic form. Philosophers from Hobbes to Hume who later map the passions write with those tragic cases already before them.
In the Conversation
11 of the Great Ideas
Ethics
Good and Evil
Evil is a quality the agent chooses and declares for, sometimes with full knowledge of its being evil, and the plays trace its growth from small motions of envy and resentment into the ruin of whole households.
Love
The love that rests on trust is as powerful for ruin as for good, and the mind which had once believed can be turned by careful insinuation to the belief which destroys it.
Emotion
The passions are not accidents of the soul but the substance of the action, and the tragedies show what an emotion, once given free course, will do to the man who has not learned to master it.
Honor
Honor is what a man is known to be by those whose recognition he has earned, and when that recognition is withdrawn or falsified the loss is not to be distinguished from the loss of the man himself.
Politics
Tyranny
The tyrant is made by the act that makes him, and the act that secured the throne corrupts the ruling that follows, so that the tyranny is not imposed from outside upon the man but consumes him from within.
Family
The bonds of parent and child, once broken by ingratitude or mistrust, are not easily mended, and the disorders of the family work themselves out across the lives of its members as a ruin that gathers before it can be understood.
Epistemology
Will
The will, even when convinced of what it must do, may hesitate, qualify itself, and exhaust itself in reflection, so that deliberation and resolve are not one faculty but two at war within the same breast.
Rhetoric
The speech which can turn a crowd is not in the first place an argument but a handling of the crowd's own feelings, offered in the form of a man who has come not to make a case but only to bury the dead.